North Africa was a crucial combat zone during both wars. The key obstacle to OBOR in Africa is the state of constant warfare experienced throughout the continent. Today, these twin factors constitute a major cause of violent conflicts and civil strife in West Africa. With a population numbering of conceivably four and a half to five million, the Somali-speaking people can barely be regarded as a large nation [] . Conflict: Most of the countries in Africa are in a state of poverty because of the civil wars and other related issues going on in those countries. Most of these borders were established from negotiations and treaties between the colonial powers. In the midst of poverty, African ruling classes or the elite group who happen to hold power at a particular time, have enriched themselves and become the targets of envy or of rivalry by other elite groups. September 4th, 2017 Armed conflicts in Africa during the twentieth century caused an enormous loss of human life, the collapse of socio-economic systems, and the degradation of health and education services across the continent. Inter-country borders One of the leading causes of internal and inter-state conflicts is the unacceptable nature of inter-country borders. Africa is a continent made up of a mainly black race. Poor governance, lack of civil rights, and the unbalanced dispersal of resources, power and wealth are the foundation of African conflict. Major causes of poverty in Africa. North Africa was a crucial combat zone during both wars. Causes. Coupled with the debt problem. Below are some examples of current Conflicts In Nigeria. He argued that 'conflict, recurring instability, and bad governance in Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi can be traced back to the hasty and unprepared granting of independence by Belgium in 1960'. Corruption is killing Africa. A study by a German academic says religious conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa have been on the rise for decades. Indeed, all but 3 of 57 major armed conflicts registered for 1990-2001 were internal. Poverty According to Draman (2003) poverty cause conflict and conflict can lead to poverty based on the state of insecurity and bad governance. 1. Figure 1: Horn of Africa Horn of Africa is a grouping of countries that involve Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea, these countries' food insecurity can be attributed to a number of issues. II. Wars often have cultural dimensions related to ethnicity or religion, but there are invariably underlying economic causes too. Among the conflicts that . Two major occurrences, colonialism and the Cold War, prevented the Sub-Saharan states from following these two trends. Angola, which has seen an estimated 500,000 people killed since 1989 and an estimated 3 million refugees. TOP 20 CAUSES OF POVERTY IN AFRICA. Into mid-2011, the world's worst food crisis is being felt in East Africa, in Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya. After such wars, there is practically nothing for the country to fall back on. . African Conflict: The Origins and Source of African Conflict Today. The major causes of such armed ethnic conflicts in Africa continue to baffle both scholars and policymakers. Economic factors have been identified as one of the major causes of conflict in Africa. The major causes of ethnic conflicts in Africa are competition over resources, struggle for power especially when government policies and institutions which mainly distribute the resources, are based on ethnicity. Ethnic conflict is an armed conflict between ethnic groups. \1. Land in Sub-Saharan Africa has been subject to conflict, conquest, expropriation and exploitation thus resulting in the many discrepancies that exist today. In multi-ethnic societies like Nigeria and South Africa, ethnic communities violently compete for property, rights, jobs, education, language . There are several causes of conflict in Africa as classified below. The former were more prevalent in the immediate post-independence period, reflecting many border disputes and the politics of the Cold War. Whereas many consider the situations to be simple, they are in fact complex; subsequently, as David Lake and Donald Rothchild argue, "The most widely discussed explanations of ethnic conflict are, at best, incomplete and, at worst, simply wrong." Climate has been cited as a factor behind civil conflict in Darfur. There are five main causes of conflict: information conflicts, values conflicts, interest conflicts, relationship conflicts, and structural conflicts. Drought and conflict are the main factors contributing to extreme food insecurity. A distinction must be drawn between inter-state and intra-state conflicts, although recognizing that the two could be mutually reinforcing. Chitereka, (2008) notes that more than 500 billion dollars have been sent to African countries for the purpose of economic development; however, the money has brought little change in the long term. Understanding the root cause and motivation of conflict, the consequences triggered by the action or lack of, is the basis for resolution. All in all, Africa made Introduction: The Causes & Costs of War in Africa3 The most horrific display of violence occurred from April to July of 1994, between two of Rwanda's ethnic groups: the Tutsi and the Hutu. 'The conflict, repeated instability and bad governance in Zair, Rwanda and The United States can be traced back to belgium's independence in 1960, without any further preparedness,' he argued. This article explores why Africa has been largely ignored and what some of the root causes of the problems are. She has not been able to develop herself. Africa is among those continents with unending conflicts. It is paramount that violent conflicts in Africa be ameliorated not only due to deaths and suffering but also due to global security. The Somali Civil War (the 1980s - date) This is an ongoing civil war in Somalia. Abstract. II. Conflicts in Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte . Information conflicts arise when people have different or insufficient information, or disagree over what data is relevant. During these times, a lot of resources are wasted. Poor economic performance: a more basic and long term cause of conflict has been the catastrophic economic performance of many African countries. Africa remains the continent with the poorest nations despite her huge endowment. 2. Somalis form one of the largest single ethnic blocks in Africa, and though sparsely distributed on the ground, they live in unbroken occupation of a great vastness of territory covering almost 400,000 square miles in the 'Horn . Misused money. Clear inequality exists in the way . 1. What are the 5 main causes for conflict? Many Conflicts Throughout Africa. The Continent has many virgin mineral resources which are not yet explored. The Burke Chair at CSIS is introducing a two-volume survey of the underlying causes of stability and instability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Economic discomfort can bail out into conflict. Third, the duration of a conflict is positively associated with rising probability of a banking crisis. Unfortunately, in SIPRI's 2000 Yearbook, it was stated that "…Africa is the most conflict ridden region of the World and the only region in This carries significant economic, fiscal, and social costs for the region involved in conflict, but often also for the nearby regions that host the displaced people. Causes and characteristics of conflicts in Africa. The disruption in sovereignty caused by colonialism, which was then followed . The current study explored the perceived sources of conflict in two South African organizations operating in different economic sectors. Coupled with the debt problem, poor flows of private capital into some African countries, and foreign aid programmes often inefficient, as Neil MacFarlane points out, economic discomfort can bail out into conflict. The African country of Rwanda has a long history of ethnic conflict. Poverty among Africans seem to be normal. African countries in totality have ranked high in the level of corruption by many corruption ranking organizations. It has weaken the continent and her immunity. 1. Also, all of the 15 most deadly conflicts in 2001— those that caused 100 or more deaths—were internal conflicts. Many of today's challenges are the outcome of colonial political and economic . The African continent is a wide continent with multiple ethnicities, languages, religions and cultures, and this disparity is a blessing and a curse at the same time according to the decision-makers' dealings with this reality. Causes The causes of conflicts in Africa are many and they frequently recur, including major causes of potential tensions and conflicts, which could perhaps be summarized and classified below. Exclusion or perceived exclusion from the political process for reasons of personal, ethnic or value differences, lack of socio-political unity, lack of genuine access to national institutions of governance, reliance on centralized and highly personalized form of governance, perception of . 1. It examines the many issues confronting the people of Africa, its leaders and its international partners: economic reform, debt, education, health, women's advancement, conflict and civil strife . Corruption and unqualified leaders cause ethnic conflict in Nigeria. East Africa Food Crisis 2011 Posted Sunday, July 31, 2011. It draws upon the work of Anthony H. Cordesman, the Burke Chair in Strategy at the CSIS, and Dr. Abdullah Toukan—a Senior Associate at CSIS and President and CEO of Strategic International Risk Assessment (SIRA) in Dubai. Coupled with the debt problem. Colonial production, extraverted and coercive as it already was, was ruthlessly reorganized to produce record amounts of primary agricultural and mineral commodities for the imperial armies and economies. About Ethiopia The political map of Ethiopia. Causes and characteristics of conflicts in Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has a history of land dispossession and contestation which have resulted in various types of inequalities and a skewed distribution of land resources. Several scholarly works on conflicts in the sub-region have identified bad governance and corruption as the underpinning factors fuelling and renewing violence in West Africa. INTRODUCTION. Political/Domestic: Power struggles . For as far as can be remembered, war and conflicts have burdened Africa's development. Open Document. The five types of conflicts that have afflicted Africa include anti-colonial, imperial, international, inter-state and intra-state conflicts. Some conflicts are local and others are the result of changes in the many national structures since cold war ended. US researchers found that across the continent, conflict was about 50% more likely in unusually warm years. The attempted extermination of the . Effects of Conflicts in Africa 1. A distinction must be drawn between inter-state and intra-state conflicts, although recognizing that the two could be mutually reinforcing. Major root causes include political, economic . The incidence of war has been rising since 1950, with most wars being within states. 4) Corruption and Inept Leadership. There are a number of causes of violent conflict in Africa but the first and arguably the broadest is colonialism. Several scholarly works on conflicts in the sub-region have identified bad governance and corruption as the underpinning factors fuelling and renewing violence in West Africa. Underdevelopment and Poverty: One of the major effects of conflicts in Africa is that it has kept the country perpetually underdeveloped and poor. Conflicts in Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte . What are the major causes of conflicts in Africa? Read "Conflicts in Africa—Introduction" to learn more. The causes of conflicts in Africa are many and they frequently recur, including major causes of potential tensions and conflicts, which could perhaps be summarised and classified below. Causes of Conflicts in Africa Conflicts in Africa may be said to have been caused by a multiplicity of factors such as: arbitrary borders created by the colonial powers, heterogeneous ethnic composition of African states, inept political leadership, corruption, negative effect of external debt burden and poverty. The Civil War was born out of resistance to the military during the 1980s and it is led by Siad Barre. Researcher Matthias Basedau says weak African states are a major cause. Wars are a major cause of poverty, underdevelopment, and ill health in poor countries. Economic discomfort can bail out into conflict. Population Displacement A major consequence of conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as elsewhere, is the displacement of populations. CONFLICT. When the historical roots are examined, it is clear that much of Africa's current predicaments of poverty, corruption, and violent conflicts are not solely the result of African decisions, but are also the consequence of foreign intrusion into African affairs. The main causes of tribal conflicts in Africa. Poor flows of private capital into some African countries and foreign and programs are often inefficient as Neil. Conflict. Poor economic performance: a more basic and long term cause of conflict has been the catastrophic economic performance of many African countries. Often inefficient as Neil a continent made up of a mainly black race ranking organizations ethnic groups causes... 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